For instance, the synergetic effect of available green practices (such as return water reuse, and deploying crop residues, green manure, and biochars) on the simultaneous mitigation of carbon and reactive nitrogen emissions should be investigated. Decreased nitrous oxide emissions associated with functional microbial genes under bio-organic fertilizer application in vegetable fields. Nitrogen emissions such as ammonia, nitrogen oxide and nitrous oxides contribute to particulate matter and acid rain. 639, 350359 (2018). J. The effect on nitrogen oxide emission from agricultural soils. In the case of sugarcane yields, the emission factor of NH3 volatilization exhibited a wide range of 125% (corresponding to 80 to 100 kg-N ha1 fertilization rate) during the warm and wet Brazilian summer51. J. Geophys. For instance, the EU Commission has set the NH3 ceiling for European countries. Yang, G. et al. RIVM Report 680181001, 169175 (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands, 2014). UNECE. Langeroodi, A. R. S., Adewale Osipitan, O. Reducing PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosols by agricultural ammonia emission mitigation within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. EnergyChem 1, 100013 (2019). Geng, Y. et al. In particular, about 20% of the NH3 emissions in the EU were attributed to the use of mineral fertilizers18. Several meteorological factors, such as temperature, wind speed and precipitation, will interact with NH3 emission potentials. Another study by Lu, et al.40 estimated that the annual soil NOx emissions above canopy in 20082017 were 0.770.04 Tg-N. For comparison, the total anthropogenic NOx emissions, including power plant, industry, transportation, and residential processes, over China in 2010 were estimated to be 27.3 Tg per year (derived from MEIC v1.2)41. Farmers could cut emissions if they fertilized 'just right' - Futurity In fact, different types of fertilizer and their associated application technique have different levels of risks on NH3 volatilization. In accordance with the definition suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)15, the associated emission factor induced by N fertilization was expressed as a percentage of the emission intensity to the applied nitrogen (Nt, kg-N ha1), as determined by Eq. In fact, regarding the front-end emissions, the production of synthetic fertilizers requires huge amounts of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, and the subsequent use of synthetic fertilizers in farmlands would contribute to significant quantities of nitrogenous gas emissions. The scope of synergies should broadly embrace overall eco-environmental benefits, such as water quality improvement, climate change mitigation, and public health protection. Therefore, soil carbon sink could help moderate the greenhouse effect by reducing atmospheric CO2 enrichment, and thus realize net-zero emission agriculture. Addressing nitrogenous gases from croplands toward low-emission agriculture Several improved fertilization practices have been recommended to reduce the NH3 emission, such as subsurface applications (including deep injection of liquid fertilizers) before the onset of rain or introducing irrigation water right afterwards. 24, e511e521 (2018). Farm N indicators are useful to compare farm performance among different farming systems. Sikora, J. et al. Meat and dairy production emit more nitrogen than Earth can cope with It can neutralize a large portion of acidic species, such as SOx and NOx, to form ammonium-containing aerosols. NH3 captured in boric acid is then measured via titration with the H2SO4 solution using an indicator of bromocresol green and methyl red, as described by Eq. For the NH3 soil emission potential, Table 3 presents the factors that influence the effectiveness of fertilization and the NH3 emission intensity from the perspectives of agricultural management practices, soil physico-chemical properties, and meteorological conditions. According to the estimates by Lelieveld, et al.6, the contribution of NH3 emissions from global agriculture activities to PM2.5 and associated premature mortality is approximately 20%. 306, 107150 (2021). 3). While mineral fertilizers are the major sources of NH3 emission from agricultural soils, considerable uncertainties remain in the national estimates of fertilizer-induced emissions35. Langholtz, et al.152 indicated that the return water reuse could enhance the nutrient recycle and reduce the intensity of nutrient loss to runoff (a major non-point source pollution from agriculture). In addition to reactive nitrogen emission, carbon-bearing gases (such as CO2 and CH4) from farmlands are of great concern in the face of global climate heating11. Therefore, priority research directions should include (i) development of alternative practices that mitigate N2O emissions from deploying low C/N crop residues, and (ii) utilization of crop residues in biorefinery industries to produce bio-based chemicals. Nitrogen Emissions - Farm Carbon Toolkit Front. (6)). Among the collected literature, the N2O emission intensities were in the range between 0.02 and 36.2 kg-N ha1, depending on the the types of crops and fertilizers. It is noted that NH3 emissions and the subsequent deposition could also contribute to an indirect source of agricultural N2O2. Mencaroni, M. et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. All authors contributed to revising and finalizing the manuscript. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. For vegetables and fruits, the average NO emission intensity was found to be 4.641.48 kg-N ha1 (n=32, p<0.05; using One-sample t-test), depending on the types and species of crops. Relocate 10 billion livestock to reduce harmful nitrogen - Nature 287, 117340 (2021). 53, 1252912538 (2019). 771, 145483 (2021). Crop residues are produced from agriculture in large amounts around the world. ISSN 2397-3722 (online). Begara-Morales58 addressed the importance of nitrogen fertilization as it not only is essential to nitrate reductase activity for N assimilation, but also can improve phosphorus (P) uptake by crops, especially in P-deficient soils and elevated CO2 concentration. Pesquisa Agropecuria Brasileira 55, 110 (2020). For liquid fertilizers, Bai, et al.82 indicated that irrigation water with anhydrous NH3 would contribute to a higher level of NH3 emission (e.g., 0.790.09 kg-N ha1 d1) than broadcasting urea (e.g., 0.060.02 kg-N ha1 d1). CAAC. Global soil-derived ammonia emissions from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application: A refinement based on regional and crop-specific emission factors. Xu, et al.36 conducted a city-level inventory of agricultural fertilizer application based on activity data and regional emission factors. Overview of Greenhouse Gases | US EPA Technol. 37, 25392550 (2003). Environ. For the sake of addressing reactive nitrogenous gases from croplands, both emission intensity and emission factor have been widely adopted to evaluate reactive nitrogen emissions from N fertilization. J. Environ. Mitigating Nitrogen Emissions From Dairy Farming Systems in China Soil N-oxide emissions decrease from intensive greenhouse vegetable fields by substituting synthetic N fertilizer with organic and bio-organic fertilizers. & Sun, Z. Ammonia production from biomass via a chemical loopingbased hybrid system. Nitrification inhibitors can be transported through the roots to the active sites for nitrification in the soils to increase NUE and yield, thereby reducing N2O emissions. The average N2O emission intensity is found to be 3.820.70 kg-N ha1 (n=72, p<0.05; using One-sample t-test), corresponding to the emission factor of 1.150.22%, regardless the types of fertilizers. Very high (pH8; CEC<10cmolkg1): NH3 volatilization >1.00cmolkg1. Clean. Addressing nitrogenous gases from croplands toward low-emission agriculture, $${{{\mathrm{Emission}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{Intensity}}}}({{{\mathrm{kg}}}} - {{{\mathrm{per}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{ha}}}}) = E_t - E_b$$, $${{{\mathrm{Emission}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{Factor}}}}\left( {{{\mathrm{\% }}}} \right) = \frac{{E_t - E_b}}{{N_t}} \times 100\%$$, $$\left( {{{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{{{\mathrm{2}}}}} \right)_2{{{\mathrm{CO + 2}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{H}}}}_{{{\mathrm{2}}}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}} \to \left( {{{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_4} \right)_2{{{\mathrm{CO}}}}_3 \to {{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_4^ + + {{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_3 \uparrow + {{{\mathrm{CO}}}}_{{{\mathrm{2}}}} + {{{\mathrm{OH}}}}^{{{\mathrm{ - }}}}$$, $${{{\mathrm{Nitrogen}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{use}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{efficiency}}}}\left( \% \right) = \left( {N_{{{{\mathrm{uptake}}}}}/N_{{{{\mathrm{fer}}}}}} \right) \times 100\%$$, $${{{\mathrm{Nitrogen}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{surplus}}}}\,\left( {{{{\mathrm{kg}}}} - {{{\mathrm{N}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{per}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{ha}}}}} \right) = {\sum} {\left( {N_{{{{\mathrm{inputs}}}}}} \right)} - {\sum} {\left( {N_{{{{\mathrm{outputs}}}}}} \right)}$$, $${{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{4{{{\mathrm{(aq)}}}}}^ + \to {{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{3(g)}}}}} + {{{\mathrm{H}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{(aq)}}}}}^ +$$, $${{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{3(g)}}}}} + {{{\mathrm{H}}}}_{{{\mathrm{2}}}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}} \to {{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{{{\mathrm{4}}}}{{{\mathrm{OH}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{(aq)}}}}}$$, $${{{\mathrm{2}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_4{{{\mathrm{OH}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{(aq)}}}}} + {{{\mathrm{4H}}}}_{{{\mathrm{3}}}}{{{\mathrm{BO}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{3(l)}}}}} \to \left( {{{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{{{\mathrm{4}}}}} \right)_{{{\mathrm{2}}}}{{{\mathrm{B}}}}_{{{\mathrm{4}}}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{7(aq)}}}}}\,+ \,7{{{\mathrm{ H}}}}_{{{\mathrm{2}}}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}}$$, $$\left( {{{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{{{\mathrm{4}}}}} \right)_{{{\mathrm{2}}}}{{{\mathrm{B}}}}_{{{\mathrm{4}}}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}}_{{{{\mathrm{7(aq)}}}}}\, +\, 2{{{\mathrm{H}}}}^{+} \,+\, 5{{{\mathrm{H}}}}_{{{\mathrm{2}}}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}}\left( {{{{\mathrm{blue}}}}} \right) \to {{{\mathrm{2}}}}\,{{{\mathrm{NH}}}}_{{{\mathrm{4}}}}^{ +} \,+\, 4{{{\mathrm{H}}}}_{{{\mathrm{3}}}}{{{\mathrm{BO}}}}_{{{\mathrm{3}}}}\left( {{{{\mathrm{pink}}}}} \right)$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-022-00265-3. Macdonald, et al.113 found that the concentration of available mineral N appearred to be an important driver of NOx emission in the case of sugarcane fields. The associated GHG emission intensity from N-fertilizer manufacture is estimated to be ~2.89 kg-CO2 per kg NH3157, corresponding to 1.44% of global CO2 emission156. Most of these approaches were related to the direct emissions from the operations of wheels and machinery (e.g., engine combustion). For instance, the use of crop residues into soil is a common agricultural practice to enhance soil organic carbon while improving soil physical properties. Agriculture is a major source of NO x pollution in California. Energy Combust. Mencaroni, et al.83 found that closed-slot injection could reduce NH3 emissions for both chemical and organic fertilizers. Also, a recent report by the United States Department of Agriculture27 revealed that the primary GHG sources from agriculture were N2O emissions from cropped and grazed soils, which were estimated to be around 264 MMT CO2-eq. In agriculture, sufficient nitrogen provision can ensure the synthesis of numerous non-protein compounds that participate in physiological and metabolic actions of crops, consequently reflecting in the yield and quality of crops1. Nutr. 192, 118125 (2016). Soil Sci. (Food Agric Organ UN, Rome, 2021). Atmos. Sci. The N fertilizers in Brazil are mainly applied for sugarcane and corn, where urea shares ~50% of the total N fertilizers50. 07.10.2020 | 4:00pm Food and farming Nitrogen fertiliser use could 'threaten global climate goals' The world's use of nitrogen fertilisers for food production could threaten efforts to keep global warming below 2C above pre-industrial levels. Sci. Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils: Nitrification and denitrification. Measurement and modeling of nitrous and nitric oxide emissions from a tea field in subtropical central China. NH3 oxidation entails the conversion of NH3 into NH2OH by aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). The agriculture sector is the dominant source of NH3 emissions in North America22,23. & Bleeker, A. A higher CEC could also enhance the buffering capacity and thus help the soil against pH change. Cantarella, H. et al. Nano-agriculture and nitrogen cycling: Opportunities and challenges for For comparison, in the case of sugarcane fields, Macdonald, et al.113 indicated that the average emission rate of N2O was greater than that of NOx and NH3 from the fertilized soil. In the early 1900s, scientists invented a process to mass-produce a nitrogen-containing compound, ammonia, that plants can absorb from the soil. For instance, bioenergy is a carbon-neutral energy as the emitted CO2 during bioenergy use could be captured afterward by plants (or energy crops) through photosynthesis to form biomass. FAO. Therefore, in the Directive, several potential solutions to reduce NH3 emissions from mineral fertilizers were suggested. The emissions from livestock farming amount to about 65 teragrams (Tg) of nitrogen a year. Why Dutch farmers are protesting over emissions cuts - BBC News Tian, H. et al. Pedersen, A. R., Petersen, S. O. Frontiers | CH4 and N2O Emissions From Cattle Excreta: A Review of Main Several studies have revealed wide variances on reactive nitrogen emissions across countries and regions7,28,107. Lastly, this study highlighted the need to further evaluate potential trade-offs among N loss pathway, as well as carbon-nitrogen management in cropping systems. Stepping up Europes 2030 climate ambition: Investing in a climate-neutral future for the benefit of our people 26 (Brussels, 2020). Meanwhile, the NOx emissions from agriculture in Russia can be neglected, compared to transportation and combustion (contribution of ~50% and ~45% to total emissions, respectively)56. 758, 143602 (2021). Factors related to soil physico-chemical properties include the pH, total ammoniacal nitrogen, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, moisture, and microbials. Third, farmland management practices might introduce significant quantities of nitrogenous gas emissions. Langeroodi, et al.136 also suggested that a no-tillage system would result in a lower cumulative N2O emissions flux compared to conventional tillage for a wheat-soybean rotation, especially when fertilizer was applied. This suggested that nitrification should be the major pathway involved in soil N2O emission. Midwest researchers want to remove some of the greenhouse gas emissions from crop fertilizers. Indic. Wang, J. et al. Following a brief description of the N cycle of livestock farming systems, we proceed with a discussion of . The source codes for the analysis of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. Plant Nutr. In addition, the co-application of natural humic substances could assist in increasing NUE while maintaining the crop yields. Sci. : Atmospheres 119, 43434364 (2014). Total Environ. EU. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 59, 5668 (2013). A., Golovina, N. M. & Ignatyeva, Y. S. National registration of nitrogen emissions in the Russian Federation. China has recently attached great attention to the development of clean air and green agriculture.
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