Environ. (accessed 5 February 2020). By default, allNPL sitesappear. A summary of statistics for LE and all sociodemographic variables in all 65,226-census tracts is provided in Supplementary Table1 in the Supplementary Information (SI). Furthermore, and when taken in the context of natural disasters and climate change, it becomes even more critical to understand the association between hazardous waste and Superfund sites, human health, and LE. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in This jump could be interpreted as, among tracts with the highest LE, the impact of racial variability is more prominent compared to tracts with lower LE. List of Superfund sites in Colorado - Wikipedia Locator map. The flooding percentage could also change by changing the radius size. EPAs Superfund Accomplishments Report for fiscal year 2023 highlights efforts to clean up the nations most contaminated lands, respond to environmental emergencies and natural disasters, and advance environmental justice. What Is A Superfund Site? 13 Things (2023) You Must Know - Gokce Capital Life expectancy (LE) is one of the most basic yet important indicators of public health1,2. Remediation Superfund Indexes to Sites County Superfund Sites in Harris County Superfund Sites in Harris County Current and former Superfund sites located in Harris County, Texas. Read the report | Review Superfund program measures and progress. Exposures and Military Bases in the United States It is important to note that almost none of the aforementioned studies provide a comprehensive analysis at the national level on the impact of Superfund sites on LE. CAS In other words, among census tracts with the most disadvantage, with regards to sociodemographic variables, the negative effect of Superfund sites is more intense. CAS 10, 1043 Superfund sites (19.14% of all flooded sites and 8.69% of all studied sites, using a binary method at a radius of 322m) showed less than 5% of their footprint are located in the floodplain. In order to ensure that the potential observed difference in LE is not due to the innate differences in LE among neighboring census tracts, the matching analyses were repeated for all tracts without consideration of the presence or absence of Superfund sites within them. 2. 114, 10921098 (2006). Figure1 has raw data from sources 1 and 3 (census tract shapefile, and Superfund NPL status), Fig. 70, 13731380 (2010). The presence of Superfund sites as a determinant of life expectancy in the United States. Such difference, however, could be a combined effect of the sociodemographic variables and Superfund sites together as will be discussed in more detail in the following sections. Eagle Mine Superfund site now 5.3 acres smaller as EPA removes portion c Difference between LE predicted by the Random Forests model and NCHS data. Interestingly, high income could completely offset the harmful effect of Superfund sites as shown in Fig. The impact of Superfund sites was introduced to the model via a binary variable with 0 and 1 representing the absence and presence of at least one Superfund site, respectively. EPA announced approximately $1 billion in funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to start new cleanup projects at 22 Superfund sites and expedite over 100 other ongoing cleanups across the country. Commun. He gave the example of Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, where Marines and their families drank water contaminated by chemicals dumped near wells on base for three decades. KolmogorovSmirnov normality test showed that none of the census datasets are normal. The original version of this story also incorrectly spelled the name of Base Camp Lejeune. Since Congress passed the Superfund law, many of the worst hazardous waste sites in the U.S. have either been cleaned up or brought under control. (2019)12 reported an increase of 0.610.20 years per decrease of 10g/m3 in fine particulate matter concentration in air. Assoc. Furthermore, greater flood-related damages have been reported in areas with property values less than $150,00052 (associated with lower income). However, the cross-sectional approach undertaken in this study lacks a temporal analysis that could potentially include tract mobility data and Superfund site history, an area for potential future research. The Presence of Superfund Sites as a Determinant of Life Expectancy in the United States, Random Forest algorithm, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4469726 (2021). The idea behind this classification was to investigate if there is any significant difference in the effect of sites belonging to the two categories on the LE. There are approximately 300 regulated CCR facilities nationwide, comprised of approximately 775 coal ash units (240 landfills and 535 . The weakest performance was observed for the top 1% when the LE was very high, which could explain the high errors seen in Fig. Kirkeleit, J., Riise, T., Brtveit, M. & Moen, B. E. Increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma in a historical cohort of upstream petroleum workers exposed to crude oil. Furthermore, the presence of Superfund sites amplifies the negative influence of sociodemographic factors at lower LEs. J. Epidemiol. Superfund Sites by County - www.tceq.texas.gov Article The results shown in Table3 are similar to those presented in the GAO report30. Duwamish River Superfund Site - King County By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Google Scholar. Life expectancy data were downloaded from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) database (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/usaleep/usaleep.html). Sources: EPA; GAO. For LE, an independent two-tailed t-test was also performed. ADS Of more than 47,000 waste sites, the EPA has put over 1,700 on the National Priorities List (NPL) since 1982. Health Perspect. 303, 1523 (2003). Please click here to see any active alerts. 10, 5194 (2019). Landrigan, P. J., Suk, W. A. Scott, D. T., Gomez-Velez, J. D., Jones, C. N. & Harvey, J. W. Floodplain inundation spectrum across the United States. Superfund | Region 9: Southern California | US EPA & Stone, R. Incidence of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and residential proximity to Superfund sites in Kentucky. 107, 423427 (1999). The EPA offers information on Superfund sites. provided text and feedback on the structure and content of the manuscript. PubMed In cases where two or more Superfund sites were found within a tract, the priority classification was given to prone to flood, NPL, and no cleanup for flooding, site type, and cleanup status, respectively. ADS The study presents a nationwide geocoded statistical modeling analysis of the presence of Superfund sites, their flood potential, and the impact on LE independently and in the context of other sociodemographic determinants. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Emerging Themes in. Am. J. Epidemiol. The ML model, which is a complex non-linear model, could explain 0.33 years more of the variability in the LE validation data compared to the OLS model. MATH Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. North Dakota had no Superfund sites. Anenberg, S. C. & Kalman, C. Extreme weather, chemical facilities, and vulnerable communities in the U.S. Gulf Coast. [1] [2] [3] HIGHLIGHTS Among the 50 states, there were 1,303 Superfund sites as of January 2016. Since the site was abandoned, the river has eroded into portions of the former waste pits. (NPL) Similar patterns were observed for education, race, being married, and health insurance coverage. & McDougall, S. A spatial study of the location of superfund sites and associated cancer risk. United States Environmental Protection Agancy (USEPA) Available at: https://www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment-initiative/redevelopment-economics-superfund-sites (accessed 10 July 2020). BMJ 345, e7093 (2012). BMC Bioinforma. H.S.R. The priority, budget, and cleanup timelines were set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) via placing the most hazardous sites on the National Priorities List (NPL). Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/best-healthcare-in-the-world (accessed 7 July 2020). Marcantonio, R. A., Field, S. & Regan, P. M. Toxic trajectories under future climate conditions. Reducing excessive sitting to less than three hours a day and watching TV to less than two hours a day could increase LE by 2.040.65 and 1.4951.015 years, respectively40. DeletedThree out of four of the currently deleted sites spent more than ten years on the list. A.K., H.S.R. Matching methods for causal inference: a review and a look forward. For the lower LE quantiles, there is a decreasing trend on the effect of married, and around the LE median, the pattern switches direction to an increasing trend. Google Scholar. Remediat. Escambia Wood Pensacola. In response to growing concern over health and environmental risks posed by these . Furthermore, and unlike prior studies that have focused mainly on sites on the National Priorities List (NPL, ~1300 sites)34, this study includes sites proposed to be on the list, removed from the list, waiting to become part of the list and sites that are not overseen by the EPA (an additional ~11,700 sites)35. As of May 1, 2010, there were eighteen Superfund sites on the National Priorities List in Colorado. CAS In this section, an effect modification approach was developed to investigate the relationship between the presence of a Superfund site and the sociodemographic variables and how this relationship could affect the LE (research question 3). Cite this article. Res. Data as of 07-28-2023 19:00. BMJ Open 2, e000828 (2012). It should be noted that none of the studies with a similar approach have reported the RMSE value for their models and only reported the adjusted R2. Finally, using a quantile regression analysis revealed the higher effect of sociodemographic variables and Superfund site presence at census tracks with lower LE. The results showed a significant difference (P-value<0.05) in LE among tracts with at least one Superfund site and tracts with no sites. The distribution of LE in all census tracts with provided information from the NCHS is shown in Fig. Commun. 123, 909918 (2015). Fruit and vegetable consumption and its contribution to inequalities in life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy in ten European countries. A total of three separate OLS regressions were developed to capture the aforementioned effects. Clarke, C. A. et al. Available at: https://www.geocod.io/ (accessed 18 February 2020). Stat. 39, 85918599 (2005). Nat. Rodriguez-Galiano, V., Sanchez-Castillo, M., Chica-Olmo, M. & Chica-Rivas, M. Machine learning predictive models for mineral prospectivity: An evaluation of neural networks, random forest, regression trees and support vector machines. The effect modification analysis revealed that out of 12,717 census tracts with at least one Superfund site, the adverse effect of this presence was more severe on the ones with higher sociodemographic disadvantage. Kiaghadi, A., Rifai, H.S. The study more specifically undertakes statistical modeling to answer the following questions: (1) Does the presence of a Superfund site within a census tract independently cause a significant change in LE when compared to its immediate neighboring tracts that do not have a Superfund site (the qualification question)? NJDEP SRWM Superfund: Years ago, many wastes were dumped on the ground, in rivers or left out in the open. Variations in the relation between education and cause-specific mortality in 19 European populations: A test of the fundamental causes theory of social inequalities in health. (2018). Baars, A. E. et al. Active65 of these sites have been active since September 1983. CAS Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. Each Superfund site requires individual investigation to more accurately estimate the harmful effect of its presence, if any, on people living in the vicinity of the site. 358, 24682481 (2008). Frequently Asked Questions - The Official Web Site for The State of New Superfund Sites: 1,317 US Spots Where Toxic Waste Was Dumped - TIME Due to the continuous nature and high geospatial variability of the sociodemographic matching variables (income, race, and so on as listed above), a non-exact matching was performed based on spatial proximity. 10 shows the number of Superfund sites at each flooding level defined as the ratio of Superfund area located in the floodplains defined by FEMA to the total area. This study provides an overall estimation of the impact of living near a Superfund site on general health (using LE as a surrogate) at the national level by considering Superfund sites as a single source of exposure regardless of their contaminants of concern. As shown in Supplementary Fig. The relatively high RMSE could be a result of other variables not considered in the models (residual confounding) such as stress level, for instance. 33, 270282 (2016). The opposite trend was observed for education and insurance. MathSciNet For the rest of the sites, a batch geocoding was performed based on the available addresses using the Geocodio website61, leading to 11,989 uniquely identified sites (points) in the contiguous U.S. as shown in Fig. However, the final OLS regression model had an RMSE of 2.694 years using all data. 35, 903913 (2006). 115, 925985 (2007). For each characteristic, a dummy variable was defined as the product of Superfund presence and the corresponding binary membership defined based on the site characteristics (e.g., being in a flood-prone area, remediated, or part of NPL were presented as 1 in the multiplication). Pope, C. A., Ezzati, M. & Dockery, D. W. Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. Considering the fact that the average LE in the U.S. is 78.7 years17 and millions of children have been raised within less than a 1.61km (1-mile) radius from a federally designated Superfund site18, it is necessary to understand to what extent the presence of Superfund sites could affect LE. All of the selected sociodemographic variables showed a significant (P-value<0.01) correlation with LE.
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