In Ethiopia, the formation of a working group comprising government institutions, civil protection and infrastructure groups, led the National Disaster Risk Management Commission in 2019 to publicly announce a paradigm shift from managing geohazard crises to managing risks. Boyce, A. et al. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. In this article, we move through the different rift stages by going from the South (early-stage rifting) to the North (sea-spreading) of the EARS. Dike-fault interaction during the 2004 Dallol intrusion at the northern edge of the Erta Ale Ridge (Afar, Ethiopia). Hutchison, W. et al. Klaudius, J. The coupled magmatic and hydrothermal systems of the restless Aluto caldera, Ethiopia. an estimated long-term probability of at least one silicic eruption at Aluto in the next 50 years between 2 and 35%116. 190, 89108 (2010). Geophys. 339, 3042 (2013). Geophys. 73, 13531368 (2011). Patlan, E., Wamalwa, A., Kaip, G. & Velasco, A. Geochem. J. Volcanol. Observations of deformation, degassing and seismicity have allowed us to build a picture of the shallow magma storage and transport systems characteristic of the different segments of the EARS. A Map showing type sections of pyroclastic stratigraphy (green dots) and lake sediment cores (blue pentagons) near Aluto and Corbetti volcanoes in the Main Ethiopian Rift. Geophys. J.B., K.F., K.W., T.W. Werner, C. et al. Corbetti; ref. 12, Q12004 (2011). 46, 216 (2005). Geophys. Tazieff, H. An exceptional eruption: Mt. The dyke was associated with a small rhyolitic ash eruption at its northern end, but evidence from regional seismicity suggested that the majority of the dyke volume was intruded from a primary source of basaltic composition at the segment centre60. Sci. 6, 861865 (2013). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. & Saar, M. O. The central caldera floor, home to an estimated 3000 people, a school, and a small geothermal facility, shows a 12% conditional probability of inundation by pyroclastic density currents given an eruption103. The proximal deposits gradually generate a cone-shape landform, which is often breached by a rhyolitic or obsidian lava flow towards the end of the eruption102,103. J. Appl. Volcanoes often form a hill or mountain as layers of rock and ash build up from repeated eruptions. Noble gas isotopes, gas abundance ratios and stable isotopes of C and N unequivocally demonstrate the significance of mantle-derived components to volatile discharges throughout the rift implying that the EARS provides a major pathway for deep earth gases to the atmosphere73,74,75. Earth Planet. Bull. In contrast, the off-rift Badi volcano (Fig. & Ebinger, C. J. Geotherm. Despite these advances, reconstructing an integrated view of the effusive-explosive eruptive history at volcanic complexes remains challenging. Hutchison, W., Mather, T. A., Pyle, D. M., Biggs, J. January 2002 volcanotectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. Lett. Rapprich, V. et al. Article At some volcanoes, e.g. Greenfield, T., Keir, D., Kendall, J.-M. & Ayele, A. Low-frequency earthquakes beneath Tullu Moye volcano, Ethiopia, reveal fluid pulses from shallow magma chamber. 1c), characterized by focussed upwelling and pervasive melt in the upper mantle and lower crust13,14. Geophys. The total estimated post-caldera volumes of Aluto and Corbetti relative to the age of their caldera-forming eruptions, yield long-term eruptive rates of order 0.080.09km3/ka. Even at Aluto, which could currently be considered the best-studied volcano in the EARS, i.e. See text for details. 21, e2020GC009219 (2020). It has been possible to study volcanoes throughout their eruptive cycles, including examples of explosive and effusive eruptions, dyke intrusions, unrest and quiescence. Ferguson, D. J. et al. Desissa, M. et al. Robertson, E. et al. B Chemical signatures of Aluto and Corbetti proximal deposits. Instead, investment in volcanology is focussed on the opportunities provided by geothermal power and geotourism. 7, 19 (2016). Geotherm. J. Volcanol. Geosci. Poppe, S. et al. Glob. Lithos 91, 173190 (2006). A dormant volcano is one that isn't active or erupting right now, but geologists believe it could erupt again in the future. Res. Examples include the Cascade volcanoes (e.g., Mt. Chem. An extinct volcano is one that is not erupting and is not likely to erupt in the future. Post-caldera peralkaline rhyolites formed by fractional crystallization (>90%) at depths <6km (200MPa) from parental magmas with <1wt% H2O17,18,19,20, and large volumes (>100km3) of crystal cumulates are stored as long-lived partially crystalline mush zones with small ephemeral lenses of rhyolitic melt and exsolved volatiles18,20,21,22. Deformation patterns indicate that a 40km-long dyke located at 6km depth triggered magma injection into a shallow eruptive reservoir, starting 10 months prior to the eruption26. Individual phreatomagmatic vents, including tuff rings and maars, are known near many present-day large surface water bodies and/or important faults16,106, including in large fields of monogenetic cones and in the Manyara Rift, North Tanzania, and the Albertine Rift in Uganda107. 201, 8396 (2011). Robertson, E., Biggs, J., Cashman, K., Floyd, M. & Vye-Brown, C. Influence of regional tectonics and pre-existing structures on the formation of elliptical calderas in the Kenyan Rift. Gleeson, M. L. et al. Fumaroles are vents or openings at the surface where volcanic gases and vapors are emitted. Recent geophysical experiments have enhanced our understanding of the current state of magma storage in mature continental rifts. Front. A., Pyle, D. M. & Mather, T. A. Further north in Afar, at Erta Ale (Figs. LiCSAR: An automatic InSAR tool for measuring and monitoring tectonic and volcanic activity. The volcanoes of the East African Rift System remain understudied in comparison to many subduction zone volcanoes. J. Geochem. Google Scholar. J. Volcanol. Last edited on 29 December 2021, at 02:07, Pilanesberg Ring Dike Complex (19921993221).jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Extinct_volcanoes_in_Africa&oldid=617179540, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Some eruption styles, such as monogenetic or phreatic eruptions, are poorly recorded in the geological record, and thus challenging to integrate within this framework, despite their prevalence in analogue environments. Hunt, J. De Moor, J. et al. All authors reviewed the manuscript. 1be). Lett. Res. This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. 27, 30933096 (2000). a The northern Dabbahu Manda Hararo magmatic segment in Afar66 and b the central MER (see Fig. Using a combination of remote sensing imagery, limited eyewitness accounts, and field observations at selected outcrops87, the eruptive volume of (basaltic) trachyandesite lava flows is estimated to be 13km3. Geochem. At Oldoinyo Lengai in Tanzania (Figs. and A.A. were supported by NERC Large Grant RiftVolc (NE/L013649/1, NE/L013932/1, NE/L013533/1, NE/L013649/1); A.A. acknowledges financial support of ISP (International Science Program) of Uppsala University. To this end, a precise view of population exposure and the development of population vulnerability indices can highlight strong spatial variations, as is the case in the city of Goma, exposed to volcanic hazards from Nyiragongo117. For most of . The largest historical eruption in East Africa was probably the May 1861 CE eruption of Dubbi in Eritrea (Fig. Gottsmann, J., Biggs, J., Lloyd, R., Biranhu, Y. At other volcanoes (e.g. 30km above sea level and ash dispersal over >1000km2 100. Extinct Volcano is a volcano that hasn't erupted in 10,000 years. Espadana Krater Sao Antao.jpg 3,652 800; 1.03 MB Libya oli 2015149 close.jpg 720 480; 168 KB Pilanesberg Ring Dike Complex (19921993221).jpg 2,834 1,889; 1.31 MB Categories: Tamu Massif in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. 4, 118 (2015). Hutchison, W. et al. The two major rift valley systems of the East African Rift are the Gregory Rift and the Western Rift. Glob. Lee, H. et al. Volcanol. Juliet Biggs. with the most diverse dataset available, the epistemic uncertainty (largely driven by data availability) remains relatively large, with e.g. Coordinates: 1.41S / 29.2E. For example, Mount Vesuvius erupted famously in AD 79, destroying the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Mulugeta, G. 2009. in Geophysical Hazards 7181. Hunt, J. Ebinger, C. et al. Geosyst. At least 4 separate episodes of ground deformation have been observed along the ~115km-long rift segment since the early 1990s68,69,70,71. Vol. a at Boset, trends in vent locations are rift-parallel, aligned with regional faults surrounding the edifice; b at Corbetti, post-caldera volcanism is aligned with a pre-existing cross rift structure84, c at Aluto, vents and craters follow a proposed caldera rim fault82, which has now been buried by subsequent eruptions. Res. Geosyst. Earth Planet. Chem. The raised awareness of volcanic hazards is driving a shift from crisis response to reducing disaster risks, but a lack of institutional and human capacity in sub-Saharan Africa means baseline data are sparse and mitigating geohazards remains challenging. Barry, P. H. et al. There are many examples of extinct volcanoes. 339, 141156 (2013). The authors declare no competing interests. Volcanologists sometimes can't tell whether a volcano is extinct or dormant. National Park Services / Public Domain This extinct volcano last erupted about 60,000 years ago and it isn't expected to erupt again. Res. 292, 409418 (2010). Lett. The initiation of segmented buoyancy-driven melting during continental breakup. Reiss, M. et al. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Cite this article. Earth Sci. Using lake sediment cores to improve records of volcanism at Aluto volcano in the main Ethiopian rift. Due to the paucity of historical records, information on past eruptions from most volcanoes of the EARS, including many caldera systems, relies solely on the geological record. Nature 442, 291294 (2006). While the development of automated algorithms and satellite systems may mitigate some challenges, unreliable power and telecommunications networks and numerous bureaucratic and logistical challenges mean improved resilience will require political and financial backing. T.F. Gslason, G., Eysteinsson, H., Bjrnsson, G. & Harardttir, V. Results of surface Exploration in the Corbetti Geothermal Area, Ethiopia.
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