Causes of Improper Waste Disposal 1. Sharp metal pieces or broken glass (e.g. In areas where cities dont properly manage waste, at least 2 billion people use drinking water sources that have been contaminated with feces. For that reason, they dont like to wear gloves. Some other groundwater contamination indicators include Cl, HCO3, Cl/HCO3, Zn, Na, NH4, SEC, hardness, P, metals, NH4, NO3, TDS, SO4, Fe, COD, Cr, Ni, Cu, CN, microorganisms [101]. Occupational health risks of informal and organized recyclers have not been well documented and more research needs to be done to better understand the health impacts of household waste collection and separation and to address these risks. The concentration of various parameters such as chlorides, sulphate, cadmium, and chromium is higher in aquifers near urban landfill sites, exceeding the standard values for drinking water. Without proper sanitation facilities, waste from infected individuals can contaminate a communitys land and water, increasing the risk of infection for other individuals. Waste needs to be looked at through an interdisciplinary perspective. Research can help identify those practices which are most efficient to reduce household waste-borne hazards and vulnerabilities particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Although in several countries children are prohibited on landfills and recycling facilities, there are still many children involved in the activity of waste collection and separation. Heavy metal pollution has emerged due to anthropogenic activity which is the prime cause of pollution, primarily due to mining the metal, smelting, foundries, and other industries that are metal-based, leaching of metals from different sources such as landfills, waste dumps, excretion, livestock and chicken manure, runoffs, automobiles and . Furthermore, the waste pickers mentioned that the widespread exposure to pests, including rats, cockroaches, and pigeons, were serious health risk factors that urgently needed to be controlled. Finally, bags filled with garbage can contain all sorts of hazardous substances posing a risk of contamination to waste pickers. Open drains regularly receive household waste which can contain hazardous substances, polluting the wider environment and affecting the health of the local population [81,86]. Focusing on the environment and human security nexus In: Beer T, editor. About 54 million tons of e-waste, such as TVs, computers and phones, are created annually (2019 data) with an expected increase to 75 million tons by 2030. Download the guidance on solid waste and health. Some of the most common toxins found in waste are asbestos, cyanide, cadmium, mercury, lead, persistent organic pollutants, arsenic and clinical waste. Review of occupational health problems and their possible causes, Working conditions and environmental exposures among electronic waste workers in Ghana, Hepatitis B virus infection among the medical waste handlers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among the municipal solid-waste workers, Environmental diagnosis of hazardous household waste and the family health strategy as liaison for the implementation of a management program in the South of Brazil, Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health, Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam, Vulnerability: a view from different disciplines, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: perspectives for climate and development policy, Are some groups more vulnerable to macroeconomic shocks than others? Haines A, Kovats RS, Campbell-Lendrum D, et al. Those communities where household waste is not collected or waste collection is insufficient are the most critical places. Serious Causes of Landfills. Learning more about the issue can help you understand how best to get rid of your own junk, as well as encourage your own cities or companies to improve their waste management systems. During their interactions with households to collect recyclable materials, waste pickers often perform additional services, such as informing household members about which materials can be recycled, how to best separate and explain the significance of recycling to the environment. deconstructing gendered spaces in the informal waste economy of Nigerian cities, Partnerships for solid waste management in developing countries: linking theories to realities, Solid waste management in the worlds cities, Airways inflammation and glucan exposure among the waste collectors, Adverse health effects among household waste collectors in Taiwan, Respiratory symptoms among the Danish waste collectors, Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and lead co-exposure with child physical growth and development in an e-waste recycling town, Source gas emission and ambient air quality around the Eneka co-disposal landfill in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Memory and the Politics of Remembrance: the aftermath of Goinia Radiological Disaster, Solid waste management in the slums and squatter settlements in the city of Bangalore, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. However, waste pickers are the largest and most vulnerable group, because of their level of exclusion and the lack of protective measures when working with waste [6972]. Municipal solid waste management challenges in developing countries - Kenyan case study, Environmental impacts of solid waste landfilling, Evaluation of toxicity and estrogenicity of the landfill-concentrated leachate during advanced oxidation treatment: chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools, Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Plastic waste causes $13 billion in annual damage to marine ecosystems, Influence of soil gas contamination on tree root growth, The response of tomato plants to simulated landfill gas mixtures, Sustainable solid waste management: a systems engineering approach, Urban recycling cooperatives: building resilient communities. At those levels, its possible for the waste to wear down metal containers, such as waste storage bins, and leak harmful materials. Proper incentives/subsidies to promote safe door-to-door collection of household waste. Gutberlet J, Baeder AM, Pontuschka NN, et al. In the case of a high-income country like Canada, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-, p-, o-xylene were also detected in the groundwater near former landfill sites in the eastern subarctic region [100]. We have particularly highlighted the perspectives of organized waste pickers who work in recycling cooperatives and associations. Without proper sanitation facilities, people often have no choice but to live in and drink water from an environment contaminated with waste from infected . Paper, plastics and other materials that are burned can contaminate the air when they are burned. There are currently no specific public policies in place in Brazil to reduce health risks for waste pickers in informal household waste recycling. Other community members were also contaminated due to the contact with these workers. administration, accounting, work-safe programmes). can become a health risk when there is direct contact with the liquids. Critical systems theory understands cities as urban metabolisms, with different material and energy flows, highlighting the circularity in production, consumption, and discard. Putting solid household waste to sustainable use: a cases study in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, With and beyond the state co-production as a route to political influence, power and transformation for grassroots organizations, Building recycling rates through the informal sector, Contribution of cooperative sector recycling to greenhouse gas emissions reduction: a case study of Ribeiro Pires, Brazil, Cooperative urban mining in Brazil: collective practices in selective household waste collection and recycling, More inclusive and cleaner cities with waste management co-production: insights from participatory epistemologies and methods, The effects of handling solid waste on the wellbeing of informal and organized recyclers: a review of the literature. The implementation of safe collection praxis (e.g. Unfortunately, they might lack the funds, access to professionals, infrastructure or transportation resources to properly dispose of it, continuing the cycle of contamination. They work under hazardous conditions, being frequently exposed to burns and cuts at their hands [46]. The cooperative employs a permanent health worker as part of the team, responsible for overlooking occupational health and risks in the cooperative, for example promoting vaccination, work space cleanliness, health information, health enhancing, and proactive measures (e.g. Geophysical hazards: minimizing risk, maximizing awareness, The governance of waste management in urban Tanzania: towards a community based approach, Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, https://www.intechopen.com/books/waste-management-an-integrated-vision/waste-management-threats-to-human-health-and-urban-aquatic-habitats-a-case-study-of-addis-ababa-ethi, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48113#.V2Mk9b9LfUI, Direct health risks associated to collection and separation of household waste, Biologic and chemical contamination of dirty and contaminated household waste: risk of biologic contamination, Dirty and contaminated packaging and items: risk of biologic contamination, Sharp materials from packaging and discarded household items, such as broken glass, wood, or metal: risk of cuts and perforation, Contaminated plastics (soft/hard), e.g. Work-related disorders and injuries have been detected among the waste collectors around the world, such as respiratory problems, infectious diseases, gastrointestinal issues, muscle pain, fever, headache, fatigue, irritation of eyes and skins, mechanical trauma, pulmonary problems, chronic bronchitis, musculoskeletal damage and hearing loss, poor emotional well-being, and other specific types of injuries [26,44,45]. These toxins can be found in products like old building materials, pesticides, batteries, medical waste, certain types of plastics, paints and ammunition. Mazhindu E, Gumbo T, Gondo T. Poor waste collection leads to environmental and marine pollution and can block water drains. Vulnerable places discussed here are communities, particularly those where household waste is not collected or where the collection is insufficient or neglected. It can be categorized according to where the waste is generated, for example as municipal solid waste, health care waste and e-waste. Toxins can also be found or generated in one of the growing leaders of contamination: electronic waste (or e-waste). This study investigates the domestic waste practices, waste disposal, and perceptions about waste and health in an urban community. Such an integrated conceptual framework also becomes essential to understanding and acting on environmental justice and environmental equity concerns. Low-income residents are not passive about deteriorating socio-environmental conditions in their communities and create extensive informal sectors of waste pickers who collect and recycle household waste [16,17]. Absence of basic sanitation facilities can: According to the World Health Organization and UNICEF, nearly one third of schools around the world still lack basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services. Some common examples include gasoline, thinners, oil-based paints and oxidizers like hydrogen peroxide. Vulnerability has been referred to in a wide range of multidisciplinary contexts, including development, medical, public health and nutrition, and environmental hazards, climate change and disasters [5157]. Inadequate Waste Management Investment 6. Leachate produced as waste decomposes may cause pollution. Household hazardous waste is defined as the fraction of waste, originated from households, which contains corrosive, explosive, flammable, toxic, ignitable, or reactive ingredients and is difficult to dispose of or which put human health and the environment at risk because of its bio-chemical nature [5,40]. More research is needed to explore the wide-ranging ways in which household waste poses health threats to the environment and for those who manipulate waste and recyclables. A critical systems perspective to environmental health in addition provides attention to the social environment. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Ojeda-Benitez S, Aguilar-Virgen Q, Taboada-Gonzalez P, et al. Although HHW is a small portion of municipal solid waste, the presence of HHW in solid management facilities that are not equipped to handle them can have problematic . This category can include mixed waste material that is also reactive, corrosive or ignitable. Finally, we want to thank the reviewers and editors of the Journal for their valuable suggestions. This lens further distinguishes equitable community and social development, including socio-economic determinants of health as well as the social network cohesion, health promotion, and education. government site. Solid waste. The literature review focusses mostly on recent work (since 2000) published in international academic occupational health journals. The first author participated in the three research phases conducted between March and July 2011: mobilization, workshops, and feedback sessions, which generated the results of this intervention presented here. In recent years, landslides of waste dumps have buried homes and people under piles of waste. It can be categorized according to where the waste is generated, for example as municipal solid waste, health care waste and e-waste. For commercial solutions, visit WM MedWaste Tracker . Waste management threats to human health and urban aquatic habitats- a case study of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia In: Rebellon LFM, editor. Continuous educational programmes to create awareness about clean and safe separation of household waste and the recyclability of certain materials contained in household waste. Informal settlements face serious challenges due to improper waste management infrastructure, lack of collection services, and inadequate waste . Waste can be either dumped legally or illegally. The empirical data demonstrate that most recyclers are aware of the existence of anti-tetanus vaccination and yet many participants were not vaccinated. environmental change and human health, Converging paradigms for environmental health: theory and practice, Household hazardous waste: a review of public attitudes and disposal problems, Proceedings of the fourth national conference on household hazardous waste management, 4, 1989. We examined the causes of poor sanitary condition in Gbawe, a low-income suburb of Accra, the capital city of Ghana in the current era of one of the worst epidemics of . One of many action-oriented and capacity-building initiatives of this project was aimed at occupational health and risk perception of waste pickers. Without protective equipment and awareness on how to handle these potentially risky materials, household waste becomes hazardous and poses health risks to those handling garbage. Improper disposal of solid waste causes variouse environmental problems like soil, water and air pollution as well as surface and ground water contamination. Local governments regularly run campaigns for pest eradication, and the recycling cooperatives and associations need to be targeted with these recurrent pest controls. Examples arent often found in homes, as they include explosives and lithium sulfur batteries.
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